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Phytalmia mouldsi
''Phytalmia mouldsi'' is in the subfamily Phytalmiinae which includes all of the antlered fruit flies. They were discovered by M. S. Moulds in 1977 and are found only in an isolated rainforest of Australia. Antlered flies, collectively, are notable for their unique mating behavior and the unusual antler-like extensions on the heads of the males. 〔Dodson, Gary N. 2000. Behavior of the Phytalmiinae and the evolution of antlers in tephritid flies. In: Aluja, Martin, Allen L. Norrbom, (). Fruit Flies (Tephritidae). New York: CRC Press, 2000. pp. 175-184.〕
==Description==
This species exhibits sexual dimorphism where the females and males look different from one another. The males have red, paddle-shaped, antler-like protrusions on their cheek region that will bend under pressure. 〔Sivinski, John. Ornaments in the Diptera. The Florida Entomologist. Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 142-164. Jun. 1997.〕 The females have no antlers. The males are generally larger than the females and have longer back legs than females. 〔〔Schutze, Mark K., Yeates, David K., Graham, Glenn C., and Dodson, Gary. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of antlered flies, Phytalmia Gerstaecker (Diptera: Tephritidae): the evolution of antler shape and mating behavior. Australian Journal of Entomology (J. Entomol. ). Vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 281-293. Nov 2007.〕 The male characteristics (size, long back legs, antlers) are most likely a result of sexual selection. 〔Thornbill, Randy, Dodson, Gary, and Marshall, Larry. Sexual Selection and Insect Mating Behavior. The American Biology Teacher. Vol. 45, No. 6, Special Focus on Ecology and Evolution of Animal Behavior (Oct., 1983), pp. 310-319〕 The longer back legs and larger size give males an advantage when engaging in vertical pushing contests with other males. Females have a smaller rear to foreleg ratio because they do not engage in pushing contests. Antler size is strongly correlated with body size in males. It is hypothesized that antlers developed as size indicators and not as weapons so that the males can avoid wasting time and energy in fights against larger males. Also, males have pronounced spines on their fore femurs that are used to grip females.〔
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